Reivew of Biology 1407.1Exam
Review Biology II (Chapter 22-28)
Chapter 22. The historical context of Darwin’s life and ideas-contribution of Aristotle, Linnaeus-taxonomic, Cuvier-palentology, Hutton-gradualism, Lyell-uniformitarianism, Lamarck-use and disuse and acquired character of inheritance, Malthus-principle of population, Darwin and Wallace –evolution principle by natural selection and adaptation, Artificial selection, Homology- anatomical, molecular structures, Biogeography , Endemics.
Chapter 23. Population genetics –extensive genetic variation within population, Gene pool, Hardy-Weinberg theorem- large population with no net mutations in population, Problem base on equation – (p+q)2=1, Genetic drift - bottleneck and founder effect, Gene flow, Mutation and sexual recombination generate genetic variation, Cline, Balanced polymorphism, Mode of selection- directional, disruptive and stabilizing , Sexual dimorphism- intrasexual and intersexual.
Chapter 24. Speciation- anagenesis and cladogenesis, Biological species concept, Different prezygotic and postzygotic barriers and their example like habitat, behavioral, temporal, mechanical, reduced hybrid fertility, viability and breakdown, Allopatric speciation- geographical barriers, Sympatric speciation by polyploidy, Adaptive radiation, Evo-devo theory- allometric growth in human, heterochrony, paedomorphosis, Hox gene mutation origin of vertebrate.
Chapter 25. Phylogeny – history of species, Fossil record, Molecular homologous, Taxonomy or/ classification, Binomial system, Systematics- hierarchial system, Cladistics- mono-, para- and polyphyletic, Shared primitive and derived characters, outgroup/ ingroup to construct cladogram, Phylogram, Ultrmeric tree, Parsimony and analogy-versus- homology pitfall for heart evolution, Gene duplication/origin- orthologous and paralogous , molecular clock.
Chapter 26. Major stages for evolution of life by abiotic synthesis, Miller & Urey experiment, Protobiont can form by self assembly, RNA world- ribozyme, Fossil record, Radiometric dating by C14, K40, U238 and half life time, Geological records-important events, Mass extinction – Permian and Cretaceous, Clock analogy for key events in earth history- Cyanobacteria –changed oxygenated world, stromatolite, endosymbiosis, colonization of organism, Continental drift –Pangaea, Three domains and five kingdoms system of biological diversity.
Chapter 27. Structure, function and reproduction of prokaryotes like peptidoglycan wall of bacteria, Gram + and – stains, Capsule, pilli, plasmid, endospore, Cell division by binary fission, Mode of genetic recombination by transformation, transduction and conjugation, Mode of nutrition auto and heterotroph, Metabolic relationship with oxygen- obligate and facultative, Heterocyst- nitrogen fixation, Decomposer, Symbiotic host-parasite relationship, Useful and harmful prokaryotes, Comparative characteristics of three domains.
Chapter 28. Protists diversity and its origin , important structure and reproduction, Diplomonads-Giardia, Parabaslids-Tricomonas, Kinetoplastids-Trypanosoma, Euglenozoa- mixotrophs, Dianoflagellate- red tide bloom, Apicomplexa- Plasmodium, Ciliate- Paramecium, Oomycetes-water mold on fish, white rust on land plant, downy mildew cause late blight potato, Diatoms- glass like shell, Chrysophyte-golden algae, Phaeophytes- Sea weeds as brown algae, Rhodophytes- red algae, Chlorophytes- green algae,Slime mold, cellular mold, Amoeba-pseudopodia.
