Microbiology Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 1
1. List the organisms that are studied in microbiology.
Give the Domain and/or
Kingdom in which they are found.
2. Who was the first notable taxonomist and what is the system of
classification
that he devised? What is a taxon? Bacteria are
classified in which domains?
3. How many Domains are there and what are their names? The
modern system
of classification is based on what criteria?
4. List 5 differences in Procaryotic and Eucaryotic cells.
5. Why are viruses not classified in the Kingdoms of Life?
6. Name the scientists who first proposed separating the ancient
bacteria from
the other bacterial groups. Upon what findings did they base
their proposal?
7. The oldest fossils of life forms are how old? What type
of cell are the life forms?
8. When did bubonic plague occur? Name the organism that
causes plague.
9. Discuss the Doctrine of Spontaneous Generation. Who
disproved this doctrine
and describe the experiment that he performed.
10. List three contributions of Louis Pasteur and three for
Robert Koch.
11. Who provided the definitive evidence for the Germ Theory of
Disease?
12. List three emerging diseases. In what parts of the
world are they found?
13. List contributions to the field of microbiology by Jenner,
Lister, Flemming,
Ehrlich.
14. What does it mean to "think globally" in reference to
learning microbiology?
15. What do we mean when we ask you to "think outside the box" in
learning
about microbes and disease processes?
Chapter 2
See Chemistry Review File
Chapter 3
1. How does a simple microscope differ from a compound microscope?
2. Define: magnification, resolution(resolving power), and
refraction.
What determines the resolving power of a light microscope?
3. For what special application might a dark field microscope be
used?
4. Why must specimens be stained for brightfield microscopy?
5. How do electron microscopes differ from light microscopes in
regards
to focusing and illumination?
6. Name two types of electron microscopes and how their
applications
differ.
7. What type of microscope is needed to study viruses?
8. In the negative staining technique, the cell or cell part does
not
absorb the dye but remains colorless. Is that a true statement?
9. For what is the hanging drop procedure used?
10. The most important stain technique in microbiology is?
Describe
the mechanism of this technique.
11. The bacterial cell has what kind of electrical charge on its
surface?
12. Why do acid-fast organisms need a different kind of staining
procedure?
13. How do differential stains differ from simple stains?
Chapter 5
1. List four differences between fungal and bacterial cells.
2. How do fungi benefit man? The study of fungi is called ___?
3. Unicellular fungi are called _____? Name some examples of multicellular forms.
4. Multicellular fungi are made up of ________. Name the two types and how do
they differ.
5. How do the Deutermycota differ from the other groups?
6. What is the Genus and species of common bread mold? of the commercial
mushroom?
7. Nutritionally, fungi are ______ and lack the photosynthetic pigment, ______.
8. Fungal skin diseases are called______. Give some examples.
9. What do we mean by "opportunistic fungal infection"? Give an example.
10. What are lichens and what is their importance?
11. Name the Genus and species of the fungus that is used in baking, beer brewing,
and to produce B-complex vitamins.
12. Name the fungus that is likely to cause death from pneumonia in the HIV infected
patient.
13. Yeasts are identified using ? What criteria are used to identify multicellular
fungi?
14. Athletes foot is medically termed ____ _____ and is caused by ________?
15. Describe Endosymbiotic Theory.
16. The genus and species of the pinworm is ______ ______? Who is more likely to
have this?
Chapter 6
1. Describe the structure of naked and enveloped viruses.
Of what biochemicals
are viruses composed? The spikes of enveloped viruses are
chemically what?
2. List the stages of the lytic cycle of bacteriophage
replication. T-even phages
infect mainly which Genus? How do bacteriophages attach to bacterial
cells?
3. How does lysogeny differ from the lytic cycle? The hidden
virus in a bacterial cell
is referred to as a ________? In a mammalian cell it would be called a
_______?
4. Most plant viruses have what type of nucleic acid
genome? Which plant virus was first
studied? Who crystallized this virus and received the Nobel prize
for his work?
5. By what two processes may animal viruses enter a cell?
Describe the processes.
How do these processes differ from bacteriophage infection in bacteria?
6. What do we mean by protein receptor specificity in reference
to viruses?
7. How may animal viruses exit a cell? Describe.
8. What two main criteria are used to classify viruses?
9. What is the name given to a lysogenized virus in a bacterium?
10. Name a virus with a diverse host range.
11. List major childhood diseases caused by viruses.
12. List and describe three emerging viral diseases.
13. Do some viruses trigger or cause cancer?
14. Why do antibiotics not cure viral disease?
15. Describe how viruses are cultivated.
16. What are some visible signs of a viral infection in tissue
culture or on
agar plates? What are the cytoplasmic inclusions called in the
brain
tissue of rabies victims?
17. What are prions? List some diseases caused by prions.
18. What are viroids? How are they different from viruses?
Chapter 7
1. Define growth in terms of bacterial cells.
2. The main mode of reproduction for bacteria is _____?
3. List the 4 nutritional categories for bacteria. Most bacteria fall into
which of these categories? The importance of the purple sulfur bacteria
and cyanobacteria might be as ancestors to what eucaryotic cell organelles?
4. Give the pH ranges for bacteria and fungi.
5. Give the terms used for the ecological temp. categories and approx. ranges.
6. Review the different categories of media.
7. Draw and label the standard bacterial growth curve and discuss what might
be occuring in the culture at each stage.
8. Bacterial growth is described as ________growth, as one cell divides to
yield two cells, two cells yield four, and so on.
9. Average bacterial generation time is? Give the formula for finding the final
population of cells knowing initial population and generation time.
10. Describe the procedure for viable plate count. Which methods of cell
counting count both living and dead cells?
Chapter 8
1. Write the
flo-chart/overview of the breakdown of glucose, both
anaerobically and aerobically.
2. How do anabolic and
catabolic process differ? Give examples of
each.
3. What are enzymes, what
do they do in the cell, and how do they
work? How are enzyme reactions controlled?
4. Briefly describe how negative feedback works.
5. Describe the chemical structure of ATP and NAD+.
6. List input and output
for glycolysis. Where does it occur in pro-
karyotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
7. List input and output
for the TCA cycle. Where does this cycle occur
in
the bacterial cell and in eukaryotic cells?
8. Describe the role of
the electron transport chain. What is the final
electron acceptor at the end of the ETC?
9. What is the role of ATP synthase in chemiosmosis?
10. What molecule donates hydrogen to further reduce pyruvic
acid during fermentation?
11. In terms of the four major macromolecules, which is the main
energy
source for cells? Which functional group is removed
from protein and what is its fate?
12. How many ATP can
potentially be generated from one NADH?
one FADH2?
13. What are the end products of fermentation in yeast?
14. By what phosphorylation process is most of the ATP generated
under aerobic conditions?
15. What is the total
output of ATP, aerobically, in a prokaryotic cell
and a eukaryotic cell?
Chapter 9
1. Define: gene, chromosome, histone.
2. Name the
four scientists involved in the discovery of the
structure of DNA.
3. Describe
in detail the structure of DNA. Of what is a nucleotide
composed? Which are the purines and pyrimidines?
What are
the bonding rules? What kind of
bond holds the two DNA strands
together?
4. How does
DNA replicate itself? Describe leading and lagging
strand replication. What is the role of DNA
polymerase III,
primase, and DNA ligase?
5. Describe
protein biosynthesis. Define transcription and translation.
What enzyme controls transcription and what is made?
Describe
the process of
translation.
6. Name two types of operons. Which type
is the lac operon?
7. Define mutation.
Are mutations generally beneficial in the short term?
What are
mutagens? How can nutritional mutants(auxotrophs) be
utilized to study gene function? What is the Ames test?
8. Discuss
the processes of conjugation, transformation, and transduction.
Chapter 10 Genetic Eng.
1. What are recombinant DNA molecules?
2. Name the enzymes that cut the DNA at specific sequences and
create sticky ends.
3. What two enzymes are necessary to place a gene into a plasmid?
4. Name two vectors used to move genes into recipient cells.
5. Name the technique used to separate fragments of DNA or
mixtures of proteins?
6. What are DNA probes and for what are they used?
7. What are plasmids and what genes are present on them that aid
in detecting
bacteria that have taken up an engineered plasmid?
8. By what process are recombinant plasmids taken into bacterial
cells?
9. Describe the technique of DNA fingerprinting and for what is
it utilized?
10. Name the scientist who developed a DNA sequencing technique.
11. For what is autoradiography used in genetic engineering?
Chapter 11
1. The most heat resistant life form is?
2. Define: disinfectant, antiseptic, sterilization. Why do we say the term
"sterile" is an absolute term?
3. Give the standard autoclaving time, temp., and pressure.
4. Which virus is not always destroyed by boiling water for 20 min.?
5. What physical method would you use for short-term storage of
bacterial cultures? Long-term storage?
6. How does the mode of action of moist heat differ from dry heat?
7. Give the classic and modern temp. and time for pasteurization.
8. Which type of radiation is more effective, ionizing or non-ionizing?
How does the action of each of these differ?
9. How does low temp. preserve food, cultures, etc.?
10. What type of air filter would be used in the OR?
11. Define: dessication; lyophilization
12. List modes of action for common disinfectants and antiseptics.
13. What are QUATS and for what are they used?
14. Name two gas sterilants. Under what circumstances would
they be preferred over autoclaving?
15. Describe the phenol coefficient test.
Chapter 12
1. What was salvarsan used to treat? Who discovered it and when?
2. All of the beta-lactam class of antibiotics contain a certain
type of
ring. What is the ring called? Name some antibiotics in
this class.
What enzyme can be a resistance factor in bacteria and destroy
this type of ring?
3. What is the difference between broad-spectrum and
narrow-spectrum
antibiotics? Between bacteriostatic and bactericidal?
4. List three drugs used to treat fungal infections.
5. List three anti-viral drugs and the illnesses they treat.
6. By what genetic processes may resistance factors be
transferred?
7. List anti-viral modes of action. For those anti-viral
drugs that are
analogs of nitrogenous bases, such as guanine analogs, what is
their mode of action?
8. List side effects for chloramphenicol, tetracycline,
streptomycin,
rifampin.
9. Why is drug-resistant TB a difficult illness to
address--in our own
urban area and on a global scale?
10. Give three examples of macrolide antibiotics.
11. Study and compare the molecular structures of tetracycline,
penicillin, erythromycin, sulfonamide, streptomycin.
12. Name two drugs used to treat malaria. Name a drug used
to
treat systemic fungal infection.
Chapter 13 Microbe-Human Interactions
1. What do we mean by the phrase, "the body as habitat "?
2. What are normal
flora and when are they acquired? What role
do they play in the development of immunity?
3. Name five areas of the
body that are considered free of normal
flora.
4. Name two normal flora
for each area: skin, oral cavity, upper respiratory
tract,
colon, genitourinary tract. Which area of the body has the most
normal
flora? Name the Genus and species that may cause tooth decay.
5. List four mechanisms of adhesion by pathogens.
6. List three virulance
factors. Which exoenzyme is produced by Clostridia,
Staphylococci, Streptococci, and Pneumococci?
7. How do exotoxins and
endotoxins differ? Which is more potent?
8. List common portals of entry and exit.
9. How do signs differ from symptoms?
10. Define: endemic, epidemic, pandemic, epidemiology, reservoir of
infection, fomite, nosocomial infection, asymptomatic carrier.
11. How does a biological vector differ from a mechanical vector?
12. Describe Koch's Postulates.
13. Name an anti-microbial
chemical found in tears, saliva, and perspiration.
14. What government agency tracks infectious disease in the U.S.? Which
agency
tracks disease globally and seeks to improve health worldwide?
Chapter 14
1. Name five types of
white blood cells and their normal percentages
in a differential count. Which are the granulocytes and which are
agranulocytes?
2. List the steps in the inflammatory process.
3. List the phases of phagocytosis.
4. Describe Non-specific Resistance/Immunity in terms of the
first and second lines of defense.
5. How does non-specific differ from specific immunity?
6. What are the three main phagocytic cells?
7. How does fever occur? Is it beneficial?
8. What is interferon?
9. What is
complement? Describe the complement cascade. What is the
most
crucial stage of complement activation? What are the three
possible outcomes of activation of complement? What is the membrane
attack unit?
10. List four symptoms of inflammation.
11. Which WBC's are elevated in a bacterial infection? in a parasitic infection?
Chapter 15
1.
Specific resistance consists of which two main divisions?
2. Which WBCs function in these divisions?
3. B-lymphocytes differentiate into _____ ______ which produce _______.
4. List and describe the subsets of T-lymphocytes.
5. Describe the structure of an antibody. List the different antibody classes. Which one
makes up 70% of circulating antibody? Which one is higher in allergic reactions of Class I?
6. What is an antigen? For a complete antigen, what two epitopes are necessary? What is
an incomplete(partial) antigen called?
7. How many different types of antibody light chain are there? Name them.
8. Which cells are responsible for the secondary immune response?
9. Which antibody type appears first in the primary immune response?
10. Give examples of natural active, natural passive, artificial active, artificial
passive immunity.
11. What are monoclonal antibodies? What are some of their applications?
12. Describe clonal selection theory.
Chapter 17
1. List the four categories of hypersensitivity and give at least
two examples
of diseases classified in each.
2. Which drug should be given for anaphylactic shock?
3. Which antibody type or immunoglobulin is associated with localized anaphylaxis or
Type I hypersensitivity?
4. A familiar Type II Antibody-mediated (cytotoxic) example would be?
5. Describe DeGeorge's Syndrome and SCID.
6. Define: allograft, autograft, isograft, xenograft.
7. The major histocompatibility complex is located on which chromosome?
8. The Class I genes of the HLA system control the expression of
antigens on which cell types?
9. In hemolytic disease of the newborn, the mother is Rh_____ and the
baby is Rh________? Name the drug which may be administered
prophylactically to prevent sensitization of the mother.
10. All of the primary immunodeficiencies are ________, present at birth.
